Research offer
Example panels:
The aim of the quantitative analysis of nitric oxide (NO) pathway intermediates is to assess nitric oxide metabolism, enabling a better understanding of its role in various physiological processes such as blood pressure regulation, immune system function, neurotransmission, and inflammation control. Arginine, citrulline, and ornithine—intermediate products of the nitric oxide pathway—are involved in the production of NO, which serves as a signaling molecule in cells. Analysis of these compounds allows evaluation of the stage at which potential disruptions in the pathway may occur. Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) is an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and may affect NO production. In turn, symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) may play a role in regulating arginine metabolism, indirectly influencing nitric oxide levels. Measuring ADMA and SDMA concentrations is important for assessing the balance between NO synthesis and inhibition. Polyamines such as putrescine, spermidine, and spermine influence arginine metabolism, NO production, as well as inflammatory processes, cell proliferation, and apoptosis. This panel enables the assessment of potential disturbances in cellular metabolism and homeostasis. Dysfunctions in the nitric oxide pathway are associated with many diseases, including hypertension, atherosclerosis, diabetes, heart failure, and neurological disorders. Quantitative analysis of these metabolites may help in diagnosing and monitoring the progression of these conditions.
• nitric oxide pathway intermediates:
arginine, citrulline, ornithine, asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA), dimethylamine (DMA), spermidine, spermine, putrescine
The endocannabinoid system plays a key role in regulating numerous processes, such as responses to stress signals, inflammatory reactions, vasodilation, and metabolic functions. Analysis of endocannabinoids helps to understand how this system regulates key biological processes. Some endocannabinoids, such as PEA and OEA, have anti-inflammatory properties and may influence the modulation of immune responses, which can be important in the context of inflammatory diseases such as autoimmune disorders, arthritis, or neurodegenerative diseases. Compounds such as anandamide (AEA) are strongly associated with the regulation of mood, stress, and pain. Analysis of these endocannabinoids allows for the assessment of their effects on the nervous system, as well as a better understanding of the mechanisms of action of analgesic and anxiolytic substances. Endocannabinoids, particularly OEA and PEA, are also involved in the regulation of appetite, lipid metabolism, and energy processes. Quantitative analysis enables understanding of the body's homeostatic mechanisms and identification of functional disturbances, which may be important in the diagnosis and treatment of inflammatory, neurological, metabolic, and psychiatric disorders.
• • endocannabinoids:
palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), oleoylethanolamide (OEA), 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), 1-arachidonoylglycerol (1-AG), anandamide (AEA), stearoylethanolamide (SEA)
Eicosanoids are a group of bioactive lipids formed through the metabolism of arachidonic acid. They play a key role in regulating many physiological processes, such as inflammatory responses, blood clotting, blood pressure regulation, immune reactions, and vascular homeostasis. Understanding their role is important in the diagnosis and treatment of inflammatory, cardiovascular, and neoplastic diseases. Eicosanoids include, among others, prostaglandins (PG), thromboxanes (TX), leukotrienes (LT), and their derivatives. 6-KETO-PGF1, 13,14-dihydro-PGE1, and PGE2 are prostaglandins involved in inflammatory processes, vasodilation, blood pressure regulation, and the induction of pain and fever. Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) is a potent inflammatory mediator that influences leukocyte activation, particularly neutrophils. PGD2 and PGF2 exhibit pro-inflammatory activity and are associated with allergic reactions as well as the regulation of smooth muscle contraction in the airways and uterus. Thromboxane B2 (TXB2) is a metabolite of thromboxane A2, which plays an important role in blood clotting by promoting platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction. 15-deoxy-12,14-PGJ2 is a metabolite of prostaglandin J2 that exhibits anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects and is involved in regulating gene expression related to inflammation and lipid metabolism.
The analysis of eicosanoids aims to monitor inflammatory processes, immune responses, and the cardiovascular system. Quantitative measurement of these compounds is important in the diagnosis of inflammatory diseases, heart disease, asthma, and in assessing the effectiveness of pharmacological therapies, such as anti-inflammatory drugs that may affect eicosanoid biosynthesis pathways.
• eicosanoids:
6-KETO-PGF1, 13,14-dihydro-PGE1, LTB4, PGD2, PGE2, PGF2, TXB2, 15-deoxy-12,14-PGJ2
The kynurenine pathway is one of the main metabolic pathways of L-tryptophan. Initially, L-tryptophan is converted into kynurenine, which is a key intermediate metabolite. Kynurenine can then be further metabolized into kynurenic acid or 3-hydroxykynurenine. Kynurenic acid is an important neuroactive metabolite with neuroprotective properties, although it may also become neurotoxic in excess. 3-hydroxykynurenine is also associated with inflammatory processes and neurodegenerative diseases. 5-hydroxytryptophan is a tryptophan metabolite linked to serotonin synthesis, although it may also be formed within the kynurenine pathway. Indole-3-propionic acid is an end product of tryptophan metabolism with antioxidant properties and may influence the gut microbiome as well as the nervous system. The kynurenine pathway plays a crucial role in the regulation of neurological and immune functions. Dysregulation of this pathway is associated with the development of many conditions, including psychiatric disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, and metabolic disturbances.
• kynurenine pathway metabolites:
L-tryptophan, kynurenine, 5-hydroxytryptophan, kynurenic acid, 3-hydroxykynurenine, indole-3-propionic acid
Trimethylamine (TMA) is an organic compound belonging to the amine group, primarily produced through the metabolism of gut microbiota from precursors such as choline, lecithin, and carnitine. It is a volatile substance with a characteristic fishy odor. TMA can be absorbed into the bloodstream and transported to the liver, where it is metabolized into trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) by cytochrome P450 enzymes.
Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is formed as a result of TMA metabolism and is mainly excreted in urine. Studies suggest that an excess of TMA in the body—and consequently TMAO—may be associated with the development of cardiovascular diseases, as its metabolites may contribute to endothelial damage and increase the risk of atherosclerosis.
• trimethylamine (TMA), trimethylamine N-oxide(TMOA)
Nitroalkenes, including compounds such as 9-nitrooleate, can modulate inflammatory pathways by influencing the activity of inflammatory enzymes such as cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOX). The nitro group (–NO₂) may affect the antioxidant activity of these compounds, which can help protect cells against oxidative stress and DNA damage. Nitroalkenes may also influence fat and lipid metabolism in the body, for example by altering the expression of genes involved in lipid synthesis and breakdown. There is evidence suggesting that nitroalkenes may inhibit the growth of cancer cells, mainly through their effects on signaling pathways responsible for cell proliferation and apoptosis. Nitroalkenes such as 9-nitrooleate, 10-nitrooleate, and isomers of nitro-conjugated linoleic acids play an important role in regulating inflammatory processes, lipid metabolism, and may exhibit antioxidant and anticancer activity. These compounds may have therapeutic potential, particularly in the context of inflammatory, cardiovascular, and neoplastic diseases.
• nitroalkenes:
9-nitrooleate, 10-nitrooleate, 9(E),11(E)-12-nitro-conjugated linoleic acid, 9(E),11(E)-9-nitro-conjugated linoleic acid
Nitro- and halogenated tyrosine derivatives, such as 3-nitrotyrosine, 3-chlorotyrosine, and 3-bromotyrosine, are formed as a result of reactions between tyrosine and reactive nitrogen and halogen species, which commonly occur during inflammation and oxidative stress. These modified tyrosine derivatives serve as biomarkers of protein damage caused by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, and their presence indicates an intensification of inflammatory processes in the body. Moreover, they may affect protein function by altering enzymatic activity and structure, which is significant in the context of neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular conditions, and other inflammatory disorders. Analysis of these compounds allows for monitoring of inflammatory status and assessment of the risk of developing chronic diseases associated with oxidative damage.
• nitro- and halogenated tyrosine derivatives:
3-nitrotyrosine, 3-chlorotyrosine, 3-bromotyrosine
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are long, unbranched polysaccharide chains that play key roles in living organisms, serving structural, mechanical, and biological functions. GAGs include various sulfated disaccharides, such as chondroitin sulfate and heparin, as well as hyaluronic acid, all of which have a significant impact on the function of tissues and organs.
Chondroitin/dermatan sulfate disaccharides (ΔCS) are different forms of chondroitin sulfates that vary in the position of sulfate group attachment (e.g., 4S, 6S, 2S) to galactosamine (GalNAc) residues. These GAGs are components of the extracellular matrix, where they contribute to maintaining the elasticity and resilience of connective tissue, as well as to cartilage and bone repair processes. Their modified forms, such as ΔCS-4S6S or ΔCS-2S4S, may be associated with the regulation of inflammatory processes and tissue damage.
Heparin disaccharides (ΔHS) are associated with heparin, whose structure is rich in sulfate groups (e.g., 2S, 6S). Heparin is an important anticoagulant, playing a crucial role in blood clotting regulation, as well as in interactions with various proteins and receptors, influencing inflammatory processes, angiogenesis, and immune responses.
Hyaluronic acid (ΔHA) is a natural GAG primarily responsible for maintaining tissue hydration and the mechanical properties of cartilage, as well as for wound healing and regeneration processes. It is present in many tissues, including the skin, joints, and connective tissues, and its modifications (e.g., ∆HexAβ1,3 [GlcNAcβ1,4 GlcAβ1,3]2 GlcNAc) affect its biological functionality.
The analysis of GAGs and their disaccharide derivatives aims to understand their role in various biological processes, including tissue repair mechanisms, regulation of inflammation, blood coagulation, and the development and progression of many diseases, such as inflammatory, neoplastic, rheumatic, and cartilage-related disorders. Quantitative analysis of these compounds enables monitoring of their function and supports their potential application in regenerative therapies and in the treatment of musculoskeletal and cardiovascular diseases.
• glycosaminoglycans(GAGs):
chondroitin/dermatan sulfate disaccharides: ΔCS-0S (∆UA–GalNAc); ΔCS-4S (∆UA–GalNAc, 4S); ΔCS-6S (∆UA–GalNAc, 6S); ΔCS-4S6S (∆UA–GalNAc, 4S, 6S (diE)); ΔCS-2S4S (∆UA, 2S–GalNAc, 4S (diB)); ΔCS-2S6S (∆UA, 2S–GalNAc, 6S (diD)); ΔCS-2S (∆UA, 2S–GalNAc); heparin disaccharides: ΔHS-2SNS (∆UA, 2S–GlcNS); ΔHS-6SNS (∆UA–GlcNS, 6S); ΔHS-2S (∆UA, 2S–GlcNAc); ΔHS-6S (HexA–GlcNAc, 6S); ΔHS-2SNH (∆UA, 2S–GlcN); ΔHS-2S6SNH (∆UA, 2S–GlcN, 6S); ΔHS-6SNH (∆UA–GlcN, 6S); ΔHS-0SNH (∆UA–GlcN); hyaluronic acid: ΔHA; ∆HexAβ1,3 [GlcNAcβ1,4 GlcAβ1,3]₂ GlcNAc.